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Scientific
evidence for CBD¡¯s medical effects
Perhaps the most remarkable thing about CBD is the sheer number and variety
of its potential therapeutic applications. It is important to recognize that
each application may be supported by different levels of evidence. These
range from ongoing clinical trials evaluating its efficacy in the treatment
of human disorders, to animal studies investigating its behavioral and
physiological effects, to in vitro work (test tube experiments) measuring
its pharmacological interactions and mechanisms of action. Each type of
study comes with its own strengths and weaknesses.
Clinical trials allow us to draw conclusions about the safety and
effectiveness of potential therapeutic agents in humans, while animal
studies and in vitro experiments allow researchers to explore their
biological actions in greater detail. However, because the latter class of
studies are not conducted in humans, the results don¡¯t always lead to the
clinical application that we hope for—the majority of drugs that start in
human clinical trials never become approved. Nonetheless, animal studies
provide us with a strong foundation of biological knowledge, and are where
the initial breakthroughs in research are made.
*Why does CBD have so many potential therapeutic benefits?
CBD is famous for the promise it holds for treating treatment-resistant
forms of childhood epilepsy. A number of clinical trials, testing the
efficacy of CBD in human epilepsy patients, are currently underway. But
there is also evidence, mainly from animal studies and in vitro experiments,
that CBD may have neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and analgesic
(pain-relieving) properties, and potential therapeutic value in the
treatment of motivational disorders like depression, anxiety, and addiction.
What¡¯s the biological basis for this wide range of potential medical uses? A
key part of the answer lies in CBD¡¯s promiscuous pharmacology—its ability to
influence a wide range of receptor systems in the brain and body, including
not only cannabinoid receptors but a host of others.
Receptor systems in the brain
The brain contains large numbers of highly specialized cells called neurons.
Each neuron connects to many others through structures called synapses.
These are sites where one neuron communicates to another by releasing
chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters (Figure 1).
A neuron¡¯s sensitivity to a specific neurotransmitter depends on whether or
not it contains a receptor that ¡°fits¡± that transmitter, like an electrical
socket fits a plug. If a neuron contains receptors that match a particular
neurotransmitter, then it can respond directly to that transmitter.
Otherwise, it generally can¡¯t. All neurons contain multiple neurotransmitter
receptors, allowing them to respond to some neurotransmitters but not
others.
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*CBD°¡ ÀáÀçÀûÀÎ Ä¡·á ÀÌÁ¡ÀÌ ¸¹Àº ÀÌÀ¯´Â ¹«¾ùÀԴϱî?
CBD´Â Ä¡·á ÀúÇ×¼º ÇüÅÂÀÇ
¼Ò¾Æ °£Áú Ä¡·á¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾à¼ÓÀ¸·Î À¯¸íÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Àΰ£ °£Áú ȯÀÚ¿¡¼ CBDÀÇ È¿´ÉÀ» Å×½ºÆ®ÇÏ´Â ´Ù¼öÀÇ ÀÓ»ó
½ÃÇèÀÌ ÇöÀç ÁøÇà ÁßÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÁÖ·Î µ¿¹° ¿¬±¸¿Í ½ÃÇè°ü ³» ½ÇÇè¿¡¼ CBD°¡
¿ì¿ïÁõ, ºÒ¾È ¹× Áßµ¶°ú °°Àº µ¿±â ºÎ¿© Àå¾ÖÀÇ
Ä¡·á¿¡¼
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ÀÌ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ÀáÀçÀû ÀÇÇÐÀû ¿ëµµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ý¹°ÇÐÀû ±Ù°Å´Â ¹«¾ùÀԴϱî? ÇØ´äÀÇ ÇÙ½É ºÎºÐÀº CBDÀÇ ³ÀâÇÑ ¾à¸®Çп¡ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. CBD´Â
ijªºñ³ëÀÌµå ¼ö¿ëü»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´Ù¸¥ ¸¹Àº ¼ö¿ëü¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© ³ú¿Í ½ÅüÀÇ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ¼ö¿ëü ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ´É·ÂÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
³úÀÇ ¼ö¿ëü ½Ã½ºÅÛ
³ú¿¡´Â ´º·±À̶ó°í ÇÏ´Â °íµµ·Î Àü¹®ÈµÈ ¼¼Æ÷°¡ ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. °¢ ´º·±Àº ½Ã³À½º¶ó´Â ±¸Á¶¸¦ ÅëÇØ ´Ù¸¥ ¸¹Àº ´º·±°ú ¿¬°áµË´Ï´Ù. À̵éÀº
½Å°æ Àü´Þ ¹°Áú·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁø ÈÇÐÀû ¸Þ½ÅÀú¸¦ ¹æÃâÇÏ¿© ÇÑ ´º·±ÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ´º·±°ú Åë½ÅÇÏ´Â ºÎÀ§ÀÔ´Ï´Ù(±×¸² 1).
ƯÁ¤
½Å°æ Àü´Þ ¹°Áú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´º·±ÀÇ ¹Î°¨µµ´Â Àü±â
¼ÒÄÏÀÌ Ç÷¯±×¿¡ ¸Â´Â °Íó·³ Àü´ÞÀÚ¿¡ "¸Â´Â" ¼ö¿ëü°¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¿©ºÎ¿¡ µû¶ó ´Ù¸¨´Ï´Ù. ´º·±¿¡ ƯÁ¤ ½Å°æ Àü´Þ ¹°Áú°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â
¼ö¿ëü°¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖÀ¸¸é ÇØ´ç Àü´ÞÀÚ¿¡ Á÷Á¢ ¹ÝÀÀÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. ¸ðµç ´º·±¿¡´Â ¿©·¯ °³ÀÇ
½Å°æÀü´Þ¹°Áú ¼ö¿ëü°¡ ÀÖ¾î ÀϺΠ½Å°æÀü´Þ¹°Áú¿¡´Â ¹ÝÀÀÇÏÁö¸¸ ´Ù¸¥ ½Å°æÀü´Þ¹°Áú¿¡´Â ¹ÝÀÀÇÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù.
Figure 1. Neurons
Communicate Using Neurotransmitters
Right: The brain contains a huge a number of brain cells (neurons). Each
neuron, represented here as a hexagon, is connected to many others. Left:
The synapse is the site where two neurons communicate with each other. The
¡°sender neuron¡± releases chemical signals called neurotransmitters, which
stimulate receptors on the ¡°receiver neuron.¡± There are many different
receptor types in the brain, each one sensitive to different
neurotransmitters.
Brain receptors are not only sensitive to neurotransmitters produced
naturally within the brain, like dopamine or serotonin, but also chemical
messengers produced outside the body, such as plant cannabinoids like THC or
CBD. So when you ingest an edible or inhale some vapor, you¡¯re allowing
compounds originally produced by a plant to enter your body, travel through
your bloodstream, and enter your brain. Once they arrive, these
plant-derived compounds can influence brain activity by interacting with
receptors on neurons. But they don¡¯t interact with all neurons, just the
ones that have the appropriate receptors.
CBD has effects on many different receptor systems
Although it is a cannabinoid, CBD does not directly interact with the two
classical cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). Instead, it affects signaling
through CB1 and CB2 receptors indirectly. This partly explains why, in
contrast to THC, CBD is non-intoxicating. In addition to its indirect
influence on the CB1 and CB2 receptors, CBD can increase levels of the
body¡¯s own naturally-produced cannabinoids (known as endocannabinoids) by
inhibiting the enzymes that break them down.
Even more intriguing: CBD also influences many non-cannabinoid receptor
systems in the brain, interacting with receptors sensitive to a variety of
drugs and neurotransmitters (Figure 2). These include opioid receptors,
known for their role in pain regulation. Opioid receptors are the key
targets of pharmaceutical pain killers and drugs of abuse such as morphine,
heroin, and fentanyl. CBD can also interact with dopamine receptors, which
play a crucial role in regulating many aspects of behavior and cognition,
including motivation and reward-seeking behavior.
This raises the intriguing possibility that CBD¡¯s ability to influence
either opioid or dopamine receptors may underlie its ability to dampen drug
cravings and withdrawal symptoms, effects directly relevant to the treatment
of addiction. However, we can¡¯t say for sure at this point; more research on
CBD¡¯s interactions with the opioid and dopamine receptor systems is still
needed.
CBD¡¯s therapeutic potential with respect to addiction also extends to the
serotonin system. Animal studies have demonstrated that CBD directly
activates multiple serotonin receptors in the brain. These interactions have
been implicated in its ability to reduce drug-seeking behavior. CBD¡¯s
influence on the serotonin system may also account in part for its
anti-anxiety properties, which have been robustly demonstrated across both
human and animal studies.
±×¸² 1. ½Å°æ Àü´Þ ¹°ÁúÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© Åë½ÅÇÏ´Â ´º·±
¿À¸¥ÂÊ: ³ú¿¡´Â ¾öû³ ¼öÀÇ ³ú ¼¼Æ÷(´º·±)°¡ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡¼ À°°¢ÇüÀ¸·Î Ç¥½ÃµÈ °¢ ´º·±Àº ´Ù¸¥ ¸¹Àº ´º·±°ú ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
¿ÞÂÊ: ½Ã³À½º´Â µÎ °³ÀÇ ´º·±ÀÌ ¼·Î Åë½ÅÇÏ´Â ºÎÀ§ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. "¹ß½ÅÀÚ ´º·±"Àº "¼ö½ÅÀÚ ´º·±"ÀÇ ¼ö¿ëü¸¦ ÀÚ±ØÇÏ´Â ½Å°æÀü´Þ¹°ÁúÀ̶ó´Â ÈÇÐ
½ÅÈ£¸¦ ¹æÃâÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ³ú¿¡´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¼ö¿ëü À¯ÇüÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç °¢°¢Àº ´Ù¸¥ ½Å°æ Àü´Þ ¹°Áú¿¡ ¹Î°¨ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
³ú ¼ö¿ëü´Â µµÆĹÎÀ̳ª ¼¼·ÎÅä´Ñ°ú °°ÀÌ ³ú¿¡¼ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î »ý¼ºµÇ´Â ½Å°æ Àü´Þ ¹°Áú»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó THC ¶Ç´Â CBD¿Í °°Àº ½Ä¹°
ijªºñ³ëÀ̵å¿Í °°ÀÌ ½Åü ¿ÜºÎ¿¡¼ »ý¼ºµÇ´Â ÈÇÐÀû Àü´Þ ¹°Áú¿¡µµ ¹Î°¨ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ½Ä¿ëÀ» ¼·ÃëÇϰųª Áõ±â¸¦ ÈíÀÔÇÏ¸é ¿ø·¡ ½Ä¹°¿¡¼
»ý¼ºµÈ ÈÇÕ¹°ÀÌ ¸ö¿¡ µé¾î°¡ Ç÷·ù¸¦ ÅëÇØ À̵¿ÇÏ°í ³ú·Î µé¾î°¥ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÏ´Ü µµÂøÇϸé ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½Ä¹° À¯·¡ ÈÇÕ¹°Àº ´º·±ÀÇ ¼ö¿ëü¿Í
»óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ¿© ³ú È°µ¿¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍµéÀº ¸ðµç ´º·±°ú »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀûÀýÇÑ ¼ö¿ëü°¡ ÀÖ´Â ´º·±°ú¸¸
»óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
CBD´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¼ö¿ëü ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌĨ´Ï´Ù
CBD´Â ijªºñ³ëÀ̵åÀÌÁö¸¸ µÎ °¡Áö °íÀüÀûÀΠijªºñ³ëÀÌµå ¼ö¿ëü(CB1 ¹× CB2)¿Í Á÷Á¢ »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù. ´ë½Å CB1 ¹× CB2
¼ö¿ëü¸¦ ÅëÇÑ ½ÅÈ£Àü´Þ¿¡ °£Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌĨ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº THC¿Í ´Þ¸® CBD°¡ ÃëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î ¼³¸íÇÕ´Ï´Ù. CB1 ¹×
CB2 ¼ö¿ëü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °£Á¢ÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâ ¿Ü¿¡µµ CBD´Â À̸¦ ºÐÇØÇÏ´Â È¿¼Ò¸¦ ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ¿© ½Åü¿¡¼ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î »ý¼ºµÇ´Â
ijªºñ³ëÀ̵å(¿£µµÄ«³ªºñ³ëÀ̵å·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁü)ÀÇ ¼öÁØÀ» Áõ°¡½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
ÈξÀ ´õ Èï¹Ì·Î¿î »ç½Ç: CBD´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¾à¹° ¹× ½Å°æ Àü´Þ ¹°Áú¿¡ ¹Î°¨ÇÑ ¼ö¿ëü¿Í »óÈ£ ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ¿© ³úÀÇ ¸¹Àº ºñijªºñ³ëÀÌµå ¼ö¿ëü
½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌĨ´Ï´Ù(±×¸² 2). ¿©±â¿¡´Â ÅëÁõ Á¶Àý¿¡¼ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁø ¿ÀÇÇ¿ÀÀÌµå ¼ö¿ëü°¡ Æ÷ÇԵ˴ϴÙ. ¾ÆÆíÀ¯»çÁ¦
¼ö¿ëü´Â ¸ð¸£ÇÉ, Çì·ÎÀÎ, Æ柴Ұú °°Àº ³²¿ë ¾à¹° ¹× Á¦¾à ÁøÅëÁ¦ÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä Ç¥ÀûÀÔ´Ï´Ù. CBD´Â ¶ÇÇÑ µ¿±â ºÎ¿© ¹× º¸»ó Ãß±¸ ÇൿÀ»
Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© Çൿ ¹× ÀÎÁöÀÇ ¸¹Àº Ãø¸éÀ» Á¶ÀýÇÏ´Â µ¥ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ´Â µµÆĹΠ¼ö¿ëü¿Í »óÈ£ ÀÛ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¿ÀÇÇ¿ÀÀÌµå ¶Ç´Â µµÆĹΠ¼ö¿ëü¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â CBDÀÇ ´É·ÂÀÌ Áßµ¶ Ä¡·á¿Í Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î °ü·ÃµÈ È¿°úÀÎ ¾à¹° °¥¸Á ¹× ±Ý´Ü Áõ»óÀ»
¿ÏȽÃÅ°´Â ´É·ÂÀÇ ±âÃÊ°¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â Èï¹Ì·Î¿î °¡´É¼ºÀ» ³ôÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ½ÃÁ¡¿¡¼ È®½ÇÈ÷ ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö´Â ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. ¿ÀÇÇ¿ÀÀÌµå ¹× µµÆĹÎ
¼ö¿ëü ½Ã½ºÅÛ°ú CBDÀÇ »óÈ£ ÀÛ¿ë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´õ ¸¹Àº ¿¬±¸°¡ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ÇÊ¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
Áßµ¶¿¡ ´ëÇÑ CBDÀÇ Ä¡·á ÀáÀç·ÂÀº ¼¼·ÎÅä´Ñ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡µµ Àû¿ëµË´Ï´Ù. µ¿¹° ¿¬±¸¿¡ µû¸£¸é CBD´Â ³úÀÇ ¿©·¯ ¼¼·ÎÅä´Ñ ¼ö¿ëü¸¦ Á÷Á¢
È°¼ºÈÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »óÈ£ ÀÛ¿ëÀº ¾à¹° Ãß±¸ ÇൿÀ» ÁÙÀÌ´Â ´É·Â°ú °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¼¼·ÎÅä´Ñ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ CBDÀÇ ¿µÇâÀº ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î
Àΰ£ ¹× µ¿¹° ¿¬±¸¿¡¼ °·ÂÇÏ°Ô ÀÔÁõµÈ Ç×ºÒ¾È Æ¯¼ºÀ» ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
Related :
The Effects of CBD on Fear, Anxiety, and a Healthy
Stress Response
CBD and the
serotonin system: exciting possibilities
CBD¡¯s ability to target a specific serotonin receptor, the serotonin 1A
receptor, is associated with a remarkable range of therapeutic
possibilities. Professor Roger Pertwee, an English pharmacologist renowned
for his research on cannabinoids, spoke with Leafly about this aspect of CBD
biology.
¡°It¡¯s apparent ability to enhance the activation of serotonin 1A receptors
supports the possibility that it could be used to ameliorate disorders that
include: opioid dependence, neuropathic pain, depression and anxiety
disorders, nausea and vomiting (e.g. from chemotherapy), and negative
symptoms of schizophrenia,¡± he said. ¡°One big unanswered question is what
the human clinical relevance and importance of each of these potential
therapeutic uses of CBD, identified solely by examining data from non-human
preclinical research, actually is.¡±
Given that these possibilities come mainly from animal studies, more
research will be needed before we can think seriously about human
applications.
How CBD affects receptor systems in the brain
Figure 2. Receptor Systems Involved in CBD¡¯s Potential Therapeutic
Applications. CBD interacts, either directly or indirectly, with many
different receptor systems in the brain. It indirectly influences the major
cannabinoid receptor in the brain by decreasing THC¡¯s ability to stimulate
this receptor. It also interacts with a variety of other receptors. A subset
of these are shown here. Each red shape represents a different brain
receptor that might be found on a neuron. Some of the potential therapeutic
applications associated with CBD¡¯s interaction with each receptor system are
listed below each receptor.
CBD: Psychiatric utility from complex pharmacology?
Understanding CBD¡¯s neurological effects is a complicated business, because
of the wide variety of receptors with which it interacts. But that
complexity may be the key to its promise as a therapeutic agent.
Motivational disorders like addiction and anxiety are themselves highly
complex; they arise from incompletely understood causes that span multiple
receptor systems and neural networks in the brain. CBD¡¯s complex,
multi-target effects may therefore be crucial to its potential for aiding
the treatment of such disorders. Over the coming years, researchers will
continue to further understand this complexity and uncover the full scope of
CBD¡¯s therapeutic potential.
References
Blessing EM, Steenkamp MM, Manzanares J, Marmar CR. Cannabidiol as a
Potential Treatment for Anxiety Disorders. Neurotherapeutics.
2015;12(4):825-36. [PDF]
Mechoulam R, Parker LA. The Endocannabinoid System and the Brain. Annu Rev
Psychology. 2013;64:21-47. [PDF]
Morgan CJ, Schafer G, Freeman TP, Curran HV. Impact of cannabidiol on the
acute memory and psychotomimetic effects of smoked cannabis: naturalistic
study: naturalistic study. Br J Psychiatry. 2010;197(4):285-90. [PDF]
Parsons LH, Hurd YL. Endocannabinoid signalling in reward and addiction. Nat
Rev Neurosci. 2015;16(10):579-94. PDF
Zlebnik NE, Cheer JF. Beyond the CB1 Receptor: Is Cannabidiol the Answer for
Disorders of Motivation?. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2016;39:1-17. PDF
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ijªºñµð¿Ã. ½Å°æÄ¡·áÁ¦. 2015;12(4):825-36. [PDF]
Mechoulam R, Parker LA. Endocannabinoid ½Ã½ºÅÛ°ú ³ú. ¾È´© ·¹ºê ½É¸®ÇÐ. 2013;64:21-47.
[PDF]
Morgan CJ, Schafer G, Freeman TP, Curran HV. ÈÆÁ¦ ´ë¸¶ÃÊÀÇ ±Þ¼º ±â¾ï ¹× Á¤½ÅºÐ¿ È¿°ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
ijªºñµð¿ÃÀÇ ¿µÇâ: ÀÚ¿¬ÁÖÀÇ ¿¬±¸: ÀÚ¿¬ÁÖÀÇ ¿¬±¸. Br J Á¤½Å°ú. 2010;197(4):285-90. [PDF]
ÆĽ¼½º LH, Çãµå YL. º¸»ó ¹× Áßµ¶¿¡¼ÀÇ Endocannabinoid ½ÅÈ£. Nat Rev Neurosci.
2015;16(10):579-94. PDF
Zlebnik NE, ÀÀ¿ø JF. CB1 ¼ö¿ëü ³Ê¸Ó: CannabidiolÀÌ µ¿±â Àå¾Ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ´äÀԴϱî?. Annu Rev
Neurosci. 2016;39:1-17. PDF
The Effects of
CBD on Fear, Anxiety, and a Healthy Stress Response
Sponsored Article
Published on February 29, 2016 ¡¤ Last updated July 28, 2020
(CSA-Printstock/iStock)
This article is sponsored by PlusCBD Oil, a product line from CV Sciences
(formerly CannaVest). CV Sciences is one of the leading suppliers and
manufacturers of agricultural hemp-derived CBD bulk and finished products.
Phytocannabinoids like cannabidiol (CBD) are a subclass of cannabinoids
derived from plants, typically hemp. In the 1800s, hemp plants were widely
cultivated as a fiber source and food in the form of seed oil. Even George
Washington grew hemp on his farm in Mount Vernon. Today, worldwide uses of
hemp encompass hundreds of consumer products, including ropes, fabrics,
paper, plastics and construction materials, and even serve as a source of
protein. These same hemp plants are also the major source of commercial CBD
extracts, which today are being used to attenuate fear and anxiety and
promote a healthy stress response.
°øÆ÷, ºÒ¾È ¹× °Ç°ÇÑ ½ºÆ®·¹½º ¹ÝÀÀ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ CBDÀÇ È¿°ú
ÈÄ¿ø ¹°Ç°
2016³â 2¿ù 29ÀÏ °Ô½Ã ¡¤ ÃÖÁ¾ ¾÷µ¥ÀÌÆ® 2020³â 7¿ù 28ÀÏ
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ÀÌ ±â»ç´Â CV Sciences(±¸ CannaVest)ÀÇ Á¦Ç°±ºÀÎ PlusCBD OilÀÇ ÈÄ¿øÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù. CV Sciences´Â
³ó¾÷¿ë ´ë¸¶ À¯·¡ CBD ¹úÅ© ¹× ¿ÏÁ¦Ç°ÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä °ø±Þ¾÷ü ¹× Á¦Á¶¾÷ü Áß ÇϳªÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
ijªºñµð¿Ã(CBD)°ú °°Àº ½Ä¹°¼º ijªºñ³ëÀ̵å´Â ½Ä¹°, ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ´ë¸¶¿¡¼ ÃßÃâÇÑ Ä³ªºñ³ëÀ̵åÀÇ ÇÏÀ§ Ŭ·¡½ºÀÔ´Ï´Ù. 1800³â´ë¿¡ ´ë¸¶
½Ä¹°Àº Á¾ÀÚÀ¯ ÇüÅÂÀÇ ¼¶À¯ °ø±Þ¿ø ¹× ½ÄÇ°À¸·Î ³Î¸® Àç¹èµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. Á¶Áö ¿ö½ÌÅϵµ ¸¶¿îÆ® ¹ö³í¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ³óÀå¿¡¼ ´ë¸¶¸¦ Àç¹èÇß½À´Ï´Ù.
¿À´Ã³¯ Àü ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ´ë¸¶´Â ·ÎÇÁ, Á÷¹°, Á¾ÀÌ, Çöó½ºÆ½ ¹× °ÇÃà ÀÚÀ縦 Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¼ö¹é °¡Áö ¼ÒºñÀ縦 Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¸ç ½ÉÁö¾î ´Ü¹éÁú
°ø±Þ¿øÀ¸·Îµµ »ç¿ëµË´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ´ë¸¶ ½Ä¹°Àº ¶ÇÇÑ ¿À´Ã³¯ µÎ·Á¿ò°ú ºÒ¾ÈÀ» ¾àȽÃÅ°°í °Ç°ÇÑ ½ºÆ®·¹½º ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ÃËÁøÇÏ´Â µ¥ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â
»ó¾÷¿ë CBD ÃßÃâ¹°ÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä °ø±Þ¿øÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
How Cannabinoid
Receptors Control Stress Response
Cannabinoid receptors (CB1, CB2, TRPV1, GP55 and others) and the biochemical
machinery necessary to synthesize and generate cannabinoids are present
within areas of the brain known to control emotional behavior, mood, sleep,
stress, irritability, fear and even the sensation of ¡°craving.¡± These
structures include the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, nucleus
accumbens, and periaqueductal gray (PAG) of the midbrain. Several lines of
evidence in mice and other animals have clearly demonstrated that activation
of cannabinoid receptors within the brain lowers heart rate and blood
pressure responses to stress and reduces panic and anxiety behavior. Put
simply, hemp-derived CBD administration appears to attenuate the well-known
¡°fight or flight¡± phenomenon to physical and mental stress. Other studies
using similar models in animals have shown that CBD administration decreases
fear-avoidant and conditioned responses to pain or punishment.
Is Your Endocannabinoid System in Balance?
In humans, one of the earliest studies to document the beneficial effects of
CBD on anxiety was published in 1982 (1). Using a double-blind, cross-over
design where each subject served as their own control, eight healthy
volunteers were given either 0.5 mg/kg tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 1 mg/kg
CBD, a mixture containing 0.5 mg/kg THC and 1 mg/kg CBD, or diazepam
(Valium) as a control. The results showed that CBD blocked the anxiety
promoted by THC, indicating antagonism between the two cannabinoids.
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In another study using a simulated public speaking test to induce stress, a
300-milligram dose of CBD reduced symptoms of self-rated anxiety (2).
Follow-up studies have confirmed and extended these results by reporting
significant decreases in cognitive impairment and speech performance in
subjects submitted to anxiety induced by several different procedures.
5 Promising Studies That Explore How Cannabinoids Interact with the Human
Body
Mapping CBD¡¯s Neurological Effects
Other more elegant studies have used single photon emission computed
tomography (SPECT) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to
examine changes in regional blood flow and neural correlates of brain
activity in response to CBD administration (3,4). Results from these
studies, using doses of between 400 and 600 milligrams of CBD, indicate
increases in brain activity in the left parahippocampal gyrus and decreases
in the left amygdala-hippocampus complex, along with attenuated responses
during the recognition of fearful facial expressions in the amygdala and the
anterior cingulate. Collectively, these patterns of SPECT and fMRI results
are consistent with effects on alleviating anxiety, irritability, fear and
stress responses from hemp-derived CBD administration.
Interestingly, a case report was published by Shannon S et al. in the
journal Integrative Medicine, on hemp-derived CBD oil for decreasing the
habitual use of marijuana (5). This case describes the gradual decrease in
anxiety (as measured by HAM-A: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale) and feelings
of stress and irritability from the marijuana non-use, while maintaining
normal sleep quality. According to the authors, the use of hemp-derived CBD
oil helped in transitioning this patient away from habitual marijuana use
while avoiding negative stress responses. The neuronal circuits within the
brain that control many of these behaviors and emotions appear to be
positively modulated by CBD.
Given the ongoing, emerging human clinical data
supporting the use of a hemp-derived CBD-rich extracts for modulating fear,
anxiety and a healthy stress response, it looks like good old George
Washington was a bona fide hemp pioneer.
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Apetropics™ ¿ø Ãò °¢ Apetropics One Chew¿¡´Â Panoramic Broad Spectrum CBD ¶Ç´Â
Cannabidiol, À¯±â »çÀÚ °¥±â ¹× À¯±â µ¿ÃæÇÏÃÊÀÇ ´ë¿ë·®(425mg)ÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÃÖ´ë 450% ´õ ¸¹Àº ±¸È£
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ÃÖ´ë 2°³ÀÇ ¹«·á º´À» ÁõÁ¤ÇÕ´Ï´Ù... ÁÙ¸®¸¦ ¸¸³ª´Ù Lancaster California Ãâ½ÅÀÇ 67¼¼ ÇÒ¸Ó´Ï Julie
Stephens´Â Apetropics One ChewsÀÇ Ã¹ ¹ø° »ç¿ëÀÚ Áß ÇÑ ¸íÀ̾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
¡° I bought my first 3 bottles of
Apetropics on a whim and so I could also share with my brother and sister.
And guess what we all love them!!
All of us suffer from joint pain, mainly because we are ages 60 and up. They
help all of us in one way or another, but besides providing relief for our
aches, we are all in the best moods and very happy with your product. I
never really had any hopes for such great relief, but I recommend these to
anyone with joint pain. They should be giving these out in Senior Care
homes, everyone would be in a jolly mood then!¡±
Julie A Stephens
Lancaster, CA. 93535
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Apetropics One Chews combine these
safe and proven organic ingredients into one delicious fruit chew with a
superior delivery system... for unmatched user results that are 100%
guaranteed...
❌ Endocannabinoid system burn-out - these are network of receptors in the
cells. In response to toxins in our body, it releases cannabinoids to set
things back to their natural state. Over time, with aging, the
endocannabinoid system eventually burns out. Fewer cannabinoids are
released, so the body¡¯s levels deplete. The result is, all sorts of
age-related ailments.
✅ And that's why Apetropics One Chews contain potent doses of Panoramic
Broad Spectrum CBD or cannabidiol -- to restore the body's endocannabinoid
system and relieve painful, inflamed joints, headaches, menstrual pain, sore
muscles, cramps, stress and more.
The Missing ¡°Ingredients¡± for Optimal Health in People Over 40
In addition to being one of the most potent CBD products on the market, with
a superior delivery system and cannabinoid profile, they also add these two
unique organic ingredients to alleviate inflammation, pain, distress, brain
fog, fatigue and dozens of age-related ailments...
Apetropics One Chews´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¾ÈÀüÇÏ°í ÀÔÁõµÈ
À¯±â³ó Àç·á¸¦ ¿ì¼öÇÑ Àü´Þ ½Ã½ºÅÛ°ú ÇÔ²² ÇϳªÀÇ ¸ÀÀÖ´Â °úÀÏ Ãò¿¡ °áÇÕÇÏ¿© 100% º¸ÀåµÇ´Â ŸÀÇ ÃßÁ¾À» ºÒÇãÇÏ´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ °á°ú¸¦
Á¦°øÇÕ´Ï´Ù...
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µÇµ¹¸³´Ï´Ù. ½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö³²¿¡ µû¶ó ³ëÈ¿Í ÇÔ²² ü³»Ä³ªºñ³ëÀÌµå ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº °á±¹ ¼ÒÁøµË´Ï´Ù. ´õ ÀûÀº ¼öÀÇ Ä³ªºñ³ëÀ̵尡 ¹æÃâµÇ¹Ç·Î ½ÅüÀÇ
¼öÄ¡°¡ °í°¥µË´Ï´Ù. ±× °á°ú ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ ³ëÈ °ü·Ã Áúº´ÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
✅ ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î Apetropics One Chews¿¡ Panoramic Broad Spectrum CBD ¶Ç´Â cannabidiolÀÇ
°·ÂÇÑ ¿ë·®À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â ÀÌÀ¯ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ½ÅüÀÇ ¿£µµÄ³ªºñ³ëÀÌµå ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ȸº¹ÇÏ°í °íÅ뽺·´°í ¿°ÁõÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °üÀý, µÎÅë, ¿ù°æÅë, ±ÙÀ°Åë,
°æ·Ã, ½ºÆ®·¹½º µîÀ» ¿ÏÈÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
40¼¼ ÀÌ»óÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÃÖÀûÀÇ °Ç°À» À§ÇÑ ´©¶ôµÈ "¼ººÐ"
¿ì¼öÇÑ Àü´Þ ½Ã½ºÅÛ°ú Ä«³ªºñ³ëÀ̵å ÇÁ·ÎÇÊÀ» °®Ãá ½ÃÀå¿¡¼ °¡Àå °·ÂÇÑ CBD Á¦Ç° Áß ÇϳªÀÏ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿°Áõ, ÅëÁõ, °íÅë, ³ú¾È°³,
ÇÇ·Î ¹× ¼ö½Ê °¡Áö ³ëÈ °ü·Ã Áõ»óÀ» ¿ÏÈÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÀÌ µÎ °¡Áö °íÀ¯ÇÑ À¯±â ¼ººÐÀ» Ãß°¡ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Áúº´...
❌ Nerve damage in the brain - this
can occur for a number of reasons. A few common ones are alcohol or drug
abuse, poorly controlled diabetes or high blood pressure, head injuries,
infections, strokes, and brain tumors. As you age, it's inevitable...
✅ And that's why One Chews contain the optimal serving of Organic Lion's
Mane Mushroom that rejuvenates the brain. Lion's Mane stimulates enzyme
production that release Nerve Growth Factor (NGF). Nerve regeneration helps
relieve cognitive decline while easing mild symptoms of anxiety, sadness and
stress... plus it sharpens memory, focus, and mental acuity.
❌ Energy and immunity breakdown - as we age, the immune system weakens. It
is also a known fact that lack of energy, tiredness and daily fatigue become
a problem as we get older.
✅ And that's why Apetropics One Chews are packed with Organic Cordyceps
medicinal mushrooms. This natural elixir can help boost immune response to
soothe inflammation and keep you healthy while improving the body's energy
levels.
America Loves Apetropics.
Here's What Folks Are Saying...
¡°Hi Marie here and was told about APETROPICS from a dear friend. I am
totally AMAZED by this product!! I got the STRAWBERRY BANANA ONE CHEWS CBD +
Lion's Mane +Cordyceps . An Amazing product for daily pain. I am type 1
diabetic and have issues eating the older I get and this product is amazing
for helping with that also. It just really makes you feel HUMAN again LOVE
LOVE IT!
Thanks so much for this Product¡±
- Marie Fabila
¡°I¡¯ve tried more than 50 CBD products and this is WAY BETTER! I have bad
joint pains, sore muscles and feel tired, especially in the afternoon. I
ordered Apetropics One Chews. It's been three weeks now and they are my
all-time favorite product! Better moods.. even after yelling at kids all
day. My throbbing knee doesn't bother me anymore. My focus is better and
mind is much clearer. I also love the energy boost I get!! AMAZING PRODUCT!¡±
- Jason Masterson.
¡°For years I have suffered mentally and physically. Apetropics One Chews
changed all that. They have done a miracle for me. I just take my one chews
and I feel better than I have in years. Thank you Apetropics!¡±
- Janis E.
¡°I have tried everything. I have severe joint pain. I have a knee. That is
so swollen. Apetropics One Chews came yesterday. And I took one. And then I
took the second one. The latter part of the day and they do help. I was
surprised. Maybe I won't have to walk with a cane all the time. I will keep
using it. I have been told by different people that one or two days is not
enough... I am more than pleased.¡±
- Jeanne B.
¡°I bought the Apetropics brand and they have worked for me. I have extensive
joint pain...every joint in my body except my left elbow according to
x-rays. Today was an exceptionally bad pain day. These Gummies seem to work
best for me. ¡±
- Norma C.
¡°My grandma saw an ad for Apetropics and wanted to order some. I was
skeptical at first, but after only two days it¡¯s very obvious that they help
her. She suffers from daily pain, headaches, and it keeps her restless at
night. The red ones have helped her be in less pain and she hasn¡¯t had a
headache. The pink ones have allowed her to sleep through the night. Often
brands claim all this stuff and it doesn¡¯t do any of it. Apetropics is the
real deal. Thank you for helping my grandma feel better. 10/10 would
recommend.¡±
- Ally Ward
DOUBLE
Your Money Back Guarantee
Apetropics works for almost everyone.
And that's why Apetropics is the only company that puts their money where
their mouth is to prove it to you.
Use Apetropics One Chews exactly as directed and you'll see a huge
improvement in your physical and mental health. And if for any reason, or no
reason at all, you're not happy, they will issue a double your money back
refund.
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STRAWBERRY BANANA ONE CHEWS CBD + »çÀÚ°¥±â + µ¿ÃæÇÏÃʸ¦ ¾ò¾ú´Ù. ¸ÅÀÏÀÇ °íÅëÀ» À§ÇÑ ³î¶ó¿î Á¦Ç°. Àú´Â 1Çü
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- Á¦À̽¼ ¸¶½ºÅͽ¼.
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- Àç´Ï½º E.
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¤°í °ÈÁö ¾Ê¾Æµµ µÉ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ³ª´Â ±×°ÍÀ» °è¼Ó »ç¿ëÇÒ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÇÏ·ç ÀÌƲÀ̸é ÃæºÐÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù´Â ¸»À» ¿©·¯ »ç¶÷ÀÌ µéÀº ÀûÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
Àú´Â ´õ¾øÀÌ ±â»Þ´Ï´Ù.¡±
- ÀÜ B.
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- ³ë¸¶ C.
¡°ÇÒ¸Ó´Ï°¡ Apetropics ±¤°í¸¦ º¸°í ÁÖ¹®ÇÏ°í ½Í¾îÇϼ̾î¿ä. óÀ½¿¡´Â ȸÀÇÀûÀ̾úÁö¸¸ ÀÌƲ ¸¸¿¡ ±×³à¸¦ µµ¿ÍÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸Å¿ì
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ÁÖÀåÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾Æ¹« °Íµµ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù. Apetropics´Â ÁøÂ¥ °Å·¡ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÇÒ¸Ó´ÏÀÇ ±âºÐÀ» ÁÁ°Ô ÇØÁּż °¨»çÇÕ´Ï´Ù. 10/10
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- µ¿¸Í ¿Íµå
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Apetropics´Â °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
±×°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î Apetropics°¡ ÀÔÀ¸·Î Áõ¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °÷¿¡ µ·À» µÎ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ È¸»çÀÎ ÀÌÀ¯ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
Apetropics One Chews¸¦ Áö½ÃµÈ ´ë·Î Á¤È®È÷ »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é ½ÅüÀû, Á¤½ÅÀû °Ç°ÀÌ Å©°Ô °³¼±µÇ´Â °ÍÀ» º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í
¾î¶² ÀÌÀ¯·Îµç ¶Ç´Â ÀüÇô ÀÌÀ¯ ¾øÀÌ ¸¸Á·ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ¸é µÎ ¹èÀÇ È¯ºÒ ±Ý¾×À» Áö±ÞÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
We can only offer a guarantee like
this because we know Apetropics works and you're going to love it. We want
to take full risk off consumers. So in addition to offering free bottles
with select orders + free shipping, we also make them a huge promise that
ensures they don't have to risk a cent.¡±
- John Ray, Apetropics CEO
Here's how it works...
Simply return the empty bottles within 120 days. Then, the company will
refund your money for having tried the product plus cut you a check for the
purchase price for any inconvenience.
Not Yet Sold In Stores
Apetropics One Chews are formulated from organically grown hemp, Lion's
Mane, and Cordyceps right here in the U.S.A. from locally owned and operated
farms. Now, for the first time it's now available nationwide -- but only
online.
However, several major pharmaceutical companies are currently testing the
active ingredients in clinical settings, which means, it may require a
prescription in the near future.
It's advised to
order Apetropics One Chews today directly
from the company while you still can.
Where To Find
Apetropics One Chews
Apetropics is on a mission to help as many Americans as possible and spread
the word about One Chews. That's why they are offering up to two free
bottles on qualifying orders while supplies last.
A secure website has been set up for readers to place orders. This gives
everyone an equal chance to try Apetropics One Chews.
All
you have to do is go here.
Your free bottle coupon code will be automatically applied. Then enter your
details and your Apetropics One Chews will ship in 1-2 days.
IMPORTANT: Due to Apetropics' growing popularity, recent media exposure, and
extraordinary offer, this may already be sold out. If so, please leave your
details so you can be notified when Apetropics One Chews are back in-stock.
¿ì¸®´Â Apetropics°¡ È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖ°í
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½Í½À´Ï´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ÀϺΠÁÖ¹® + ¹«·á ¹è¼Û°ú ÇÔ²² ¹«·á º´À» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â °Í ¿Ü¿¡µµ 1¼¾Æ®ÀÇ À§ÇèÀ» °¨¼öÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ¾øµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â Å« ¾à¼Óµµ
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- Á¸ ·¹ÀÌ, ¾ÆÆäÆ®·ÎÇȽº CEO
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°¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÑ ¿À´Ã ȸ»ç¿¡¼ Á÷Á¢ Apetropics One Chews¸¦ ÁÖ¹®ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ½À´Ï´Ù.
order
Apetropics One Chews today directly
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Apetropics´Â °¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÑ ¸¹Àº ¹Ì±¹ÀÎÀ» µ½°í One Chews¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼Ò¹®À» Æ۶߸®´Â ÀÓ¹«¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¸±â ¶§¹®¿¡
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µ¶ÀÚµéÀÌ ÁÖ¹®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï º¸¾È À¥»çÀÌÆ®°¡ ¼³Á¤µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô Apetropics One Chews¸¦ ½ÃµµÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â µ¿µîÇÑ
±âȸ¸¦ Á¦°øÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
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All
you have to do is go here.
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